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Fertility

Table of Contents

Understanding fertility
Age and fertility
Nutrition for fertility
Lifestyle factors
When to seek help

Understanding fertility

Fertility is your ability to conceive and carry a pregnancy to term. It depends on multiple factors including hormone balance, egg and sperm quality, age, and overall health ^[2]. Both men and women can take steps to improve fertility through nutrition, lifestyle changes, and medical support when needed.

Age and fertility

Female fertility peaks in the mid-20s and begins declining around age 32, with a sharper drop after 35. Women are born with all the eggs they will ever have, and egg quality decreases over time ^[1]. Male fertility also declines with age, though more gradually. Sperm quality and DNA integrity decrease after age 40.

Nutrition for fertility

Specific nutrients support reproductive health ^[3]. Folate prevents neural tube defects and supports egg quality. Zinc affects sperm production and testosterone. Vitamin D regulates hormones in both sexes. CoQ10 may improve egg quality in women over 35. Omega-3 fatty acids support hormone production and reduce inflammation.

Lifestyle factors

Sleep deprivation disrupts hormone production. Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which interferes with reproductive hormones. Smoking damages eggs and sperm. Alcohol reduces fertility in both men and women. Regular moderate exercise supports fertility, while excessive intense exercise can disrupt menstrual cycles.

When to seek help

Most couples conceive within a year of trying. If you are under 35 and have been trying for 12 months without success, consult a specialist ^[2]. If you are 35 or older, seek help after 6 months. Early evaluation can identify treatable issues like hormonal imbalances, thyroid problems, or structural concerns.

References

Start folate early

Begin taking 400-800 mcg of folate at least 3 months before trying to conceive. Folate prevents neural tube defects that develop in the first weeks of pregnancy, often before you know you are pregnant. Choose methylfolate, the active form.

Prioritize sleep

Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep. Sleep deprivation disrupts reproductive hormones in both men and women. Men produce testosterone during sleep. Women need adequate sleep for proper estrogen and progesterone cycles.

Manage stress

Chronic stress raises cortisol, which interferes with reproductive hormones. Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation, yoga, or deep breathing. Studies show stress management programs improve pregnancy rates in couples undergoing fertility treatments.

Limit alcohol and avoid smoking

Even moderate alcohol reduces fertility in both sexes. Smoking damages eggs and sperm DNA, accelerates ovarian aging, and increases miscarriage risk. Both partners should quit smoking at least 3 months before trying to conceive.

Exercise moderately

Regular moderate exercise supports fertility, but excessive high-intensity exercise can disrupt menstrual cycles and reduce sperm quality. Aim for 150 minutes of moderate activity weekly. Avoid training for marathons while trying to conceive.

What nutrients are most important for fertility?

Folate (400-800 mcg) prevents birth defects and supports egg quality. Zinc supports sperm production and testosterone. Vitamin D regulates hormones in both sexes—many people are deficient. CoQ10 (100-200 mg) may improve egg quality in women over 35. Omega-3s support hormone production. A prenatal vitamin covering these bases is a good foundation, but individual needs vary.

Can lifestyle changes really improve fertility?

Yes, significantly. Studies show that diet, exercise, sleep, and stress management meaningfully impact fertility. The Fertility Diet research from Harvard found specific dietary patterns improved ovulatory fertility. Men who exercise moderately have better sperm quality than sedentary men. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol produce measurable improvements within months. These changes work best when both partners participate.

When should we see a fertility specialist?

If you are under 35, seek help after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse without conception. If you are 35 or older, see a specialist after 6 months. Seek help sooner if you have irregular periods, known reproductive conditions, previous pelvic infections, or if either partner has known fertility concerns. Early evaluation can identify treatable issues like thyroid problems or hormone imbalances.

How does age affect fertility in men and women?

Women are born with all their eggs and lose them over time. Fertility peaks in the mid-20s, starts declining around 32, and drops more sharply after 35. By 40, natural conception chances are about 5% per cycle. Men produce sperm continuously, but quality declines after 40 with increased DNA fragmentation, raising miscarriage and genetic condition risks. Age affects both partners' fertility.